Corneal disorders

The cornea is the transparent, rounded part at the front of the eye. It acts as a window that lets light in and helps focus images onto the retina. A healthy cornea is essential for clear vision.

It is composed of several layers, each with a specific function:

• Epithelium: The outermost layer that protects the cornea from external irritants (dust, microbes) and absorbs nutrients from tears.
• Bowman’s membrane: A thin but tough layer located beneath the epithelium, providing structural support.
• Stroma: The thickest layer, consisting primarily of collagen fibres and water, which gives the cornea its strength and transparency.
• Descemet’s membrane: A thin protective membrane located under the stroma that supports the endothelium.
• Endothelium: The innermost layer, which regulates the balance of fluids (endothelial pump) to maintain corneal transparency.

Consequences of corneal abnormalities:

• Loss of transparency: The cornea becomes cloudy or opaque, preventing light from passing through correctly.
• Blurred vision: Anomalies can distort or disrupt the eye's ability to focus images on the retina.
• Pain and discomfort: Certain conditions, such as ulcers or corneal abrasions/erosions, cause acute pain.
• Partial or total sight loss: If left untreated, some serious corneal diseases can lead to permanent vision loss.

Treatment depends on the specific condition and may include medicated eye drops, specialised contact lenses, or, in more advanced cases, a corneal transplant (keratoplasty) to restore vision.